rrx 001  (MedChemExpress)

Journal: Discover Oncology

Article Title: Identification of the disulfidptosis-related gene G6PD as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by integrative bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation

doi: 10.1007/s12672-026-04753-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Variations in G6PD Expression Across Pan-Cancer Types. A Expression levels of G6PD mRNA in normal tissues and pan-cancer tissues were determined using the TCGA and GTEx datasets. B G6PD protein expression levels provided by the HPA database. C, D Relationships between G6PD expression and tumor clinical stage ( C ) and tumor histological grade ( D ). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: The G6PD inhibitor RRx-001 was obtained from Med Chem Express (MCE) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a stock solution.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Discover Oncology

Article Title: Identification of the disulfidptosis-related gene G6PD as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by integrative bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation

doi: 10.1007/s12672-026-04753-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression of G6PD in PAAD. A Boxplot showing differential G6PD expression between PAAD tumor tissues and normal tissues. B-D G6PD expression levels in three GEO cohorts. E RT-qPCR detection of G6PD mRNA expression levels. F Immunohistochemical sections of G6PD from the HPA database. G Analysis of G6PD protein expression levels using the CPTAC database. H Western blot analysis of G6PD protein levels. I Quantification of the Western blot results. J Immunohistochemical staining of G6PD protein expression in pancreatic cancer tissues. K Quantification of the IHC staining data. L RT-qPCR assessment of G6PD mRNA levels in pancreatic cancer tissues. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: The G6PD inhibitor RRx-001 was obtained from Med Chem Express (MCE) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a stock solution.

Techniques: Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Immunohistochemical staining, Western Blot, Staining, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: Discover Oncology

Article Title: Identification of the disulfidptosis-related gene G6PD as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by integrative bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation

doi: 10.1007/s12672-026-04753-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Prognostic Value of G6PD Expression in PAAD. A Kaplan-Meier survival curves comparing DFS in patients with different G6PD expression levels. B ROC curve analysis of the diagnostic potential of G6PD in PAAD. ( C ) Time-dependent ROC analysis. D-J Graphical representation of the association between G6PD mRNA expression and various clinical variables in PAAD patients, including clinical stage ( D ), histological grade ( E ), T stage ( F ), N stage ( G ), M stage ( H ), age ( I ), and gender ( J ). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: The G6PD inhibitor RRx-001 was obtained from Med Chem Express (MCE) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a stock solution.

Techniques: Expressing, Diagnostic Assay

Journal: Discover Oncology

Article Title: Identification of the disulfidptosis-related gene G6PD as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by integrative bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation

doi: 10.1007/s12672-026-04753-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Correlation Analysis of G6PD Expression with Immune Cell Infiltration in PAAD. A Lollipop plot showing the correlation between G6PD expression and infiltration of 24 immune cell types. B Scatter plot displaying the correlation between G6PD expression and various immune cells. C Dot plot of immune infiltration scores for high and low G6PD expression groups. D-F Scatter plots showing the correlation between G6PD and ImmuneScore ( D ), StromalScore ( E ), and ESTIMATEScore ( F ). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: The G6PD inhibitor RRx-001 was obtained from Med Chem Express (MCE) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a stock solution.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Discover Oncology

Article Title: Identification of the disulfidptosis-related gene G6PD as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by integrative bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation

doi: 10.1007/s12672-026-04753-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Correlation of G6PD Expression with Immune Regulatory Genes. A-C Correlation of G6PD expression with three types of immune regulators (including immunosuppressive agents, immunostimulatory agents, and MHC-related molecules). D, E Correlation of G6PD expression with chemokines and their receptors. On the right side of each panel, the two cells/molecules with the highest positive or negative correlation with G6PD expression are shown. F, G The linked medications that target G6PD were predicted using the CTRP ( F ) and GDSC ( G ) databases. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: The G6PD inhibitor RRx-001 was obtained from Med Chem Express (MCE) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a stock solution.

Techniques: Expressing, Medications

Journal: Discover Oncology

Article Title: Identification of the disulfidptosis-related gene G6PD as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by integrative bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation

doi: 10.1007/s12672-026-04753-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: Functional Enrichment Analysis of G6PD-Interacting and Co-Expressed Genes. A Co-expression heatmap of the top 20 genes most strongly correlated with G6PD. B-E GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of genes correlated with G6PD expression. F-G Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of PAAD patient cohorts stratified by G6PD expression levels. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: The G6PD inhibitor RRx-001 was obtained from Med Chem Express (MCE) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a stock solution.

Techniques: Functional Assay, Expressing

Journal: Discover Oncology

Article Title: Identification of the disulfidptosis-related gene G6PD as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by integrative bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation

doi: 10.1007/s12672-026-04753-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: G6PD Inhibitor RRx-001 Activates Disulfide-Mediated Cell Death in SW1990 Cells. A Molecular docking and optimization of RRx-001 with G6PD. B CCK-8 assay to detect the proliferation capacity of SW1990 cells. C-E Flow cytometry analysis of SW1990 cell death rates. F WST-8 colorimetric assay to measure NADPH levels in SW1990 cells. G Fluorescence microplate assay to determine cystine uptake capacity in SW1990 cells. H Representative immunofluorescence images of F-actin (phalloidin staining) and nuclei (DAPI) in SW1990 cells treated with RRx-001 or vehicle control. I Quantification of immunofluorescence staining. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: The G6PD inhibitor RRx-001 was obtained from Med Chem Express (MCE) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare a stock solution.

Techniques: CCK-8 Assay, Flow Cytometry, Colorimetric Assay, Fluorescence, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Control

Journal: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS

Article Title: RRx-001 ameliorates astrocyte pyroptosis by regulating LCN2-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in an MPTP-induced parkinson’s disease mouse model

doi: 10.1007/s00018-025-06003-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: RRx-001 reversed motor disorders in MPTP-induced PD mice. A Experimental design for RRx-001 treatment in MPTP-induced PD mice. B The open field test was used to record the movement pathway of mice within 15 min. C Total distance (cm) travelled by the mice in the 15-minute open field experiment. D The mean velocity (cm/s) of the mice in the 15-minute open field experiment. E The grasping test was used to assess the holding time and limb grip strength of the mice. F The Pole-climbing test was used to evaluate the motor activity of the mice. G Rotarod test was used to assess the motor coordination and overall balance of the mice n = 10 mice each in the control group, MPTP group, MPTP + RRx-001 5 mg/kg group, and MPTP + RRx-001 10 mg/kg group. The data are presented as the means ± SEMs. ** p < 0.01 and * p < 0.05 compared with the control group. ## p < 0.01 and # p < 0.05 compared with the MPTP group. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test were used for comparisons among multiple groups

Article Snippet: RRx-001 (2-bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone) was purchased from Selleck Chemicals, USA (S8405).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Control

Journal: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS

Article Title: RRx-001 ameliorates astrocyte pyroptosis by regulating LCN2-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in an MPTP-induced parkinson’s disease mouse model

doi: 10.1007/s00018-025-06003-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: RRx-001 protected against the loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in MPTP-induced PD mice. A-D Western bblot analysis and quantitative statistical analysis of TH protein levels in the substantia nigra and striatum ( n = 6 mice per group). E-F Immunofluorescence staining and TH-positive cell counts in the substantia nigra (SNpc) ( n = 6 mice per group). G-H Immunofluorescence staining and TH intensity measured in the striatum ( n = 6 per group) The data are presented as the means ± SEMs. ** p < 0.01 and * p < 0.05 compared with the control group. ## p < 0.01 and # p < 0.05 compared with the MPTP group. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test were used for comparisons among multiple groups

Article Snippet: RRx-001 (2-bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone) was purchased from Selleck Chemicals, USA (S8405).

Techniques: Western Blot, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Control

Journal: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS

Article Title: RRx-001 ameliorates astrocyte pyroptosis by regulating LCN2-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in an MPTP-induced parkinson’s disease mouse model

doi: 10.1007/s00018-025-06003-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: RNA sequencing revealed that RRx-001 decreased lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) mRNA expression and the activity of associated pathways in the substantia nigra of an MPTP-induced PD mouse model. A Principal component analysis (PCA) of the gene matrix of mice in the three groups. The ellipses represent the 95% standard deviations of the samples. B–C Volcano plots displaying the p values of the top 10 DEGs between the control group and the MPTP group and between the MPTP group and the MPTP + RRx-001 group, highlighting the coexpressed gene Lcn2. D Histogram showing the DEG counts of the two comparisons. E Venn diagrams showing DEGs whose expression was upregulated or downregulated in the control group compared with that in the MPTP group and whose expression was reversed by RRx treatment. The arrows indicate the trends of DEGs in the corresponding comparison. F Heatmap displaying the results of hierarchical clustering analysis of the 41 DEGs shown in Venn diagrams. G-H Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of DEGs between the control group and the MPTP group and between the MPTP group and the MPTP + RRx-001 group. In the class of organismal systems, the NOD-like receptor signalling pathway is labelled with excellent generation. I-J KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of comparisons among different groups

Article Snippet: RRx-001 (2-bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone) was purchased from Selleck Chemicals, USA (S8405).

Techniques: RNA Sequencing, Expressing, Activity Assay, Control, Comparison

Journal: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS

Article Title: RRx-001 ameliorates astrocyte pyroptosis by regulating LCN2-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in an MPTP-induced parkinson’s disease mouse model

doi: 10.1007/s00018-025-06003-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) expression in astrocytes was downregulated by RRx-001 in an MPTP-induced PD model. A-B Three-dimensional and two-dimensional schematic diagrams of the molecular docking between LCN2 and RRx-001. C Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of Lcn2 mRNA expression in the substantia nigra of the control, MPTP, and MPTP + RRx-001 groups; n = 6 mice per group. D-E Western bblot analysis and quantitative statistical analysis showing LCN2 protein levels in the substantia nigra; n = 3 mice per group. F Representative images of immunofluorescence staining for TH (left panel, green), Iba1 (right panel, green), and LCN2 (red) in the substantia nigra of the three groups G-H Immunofluorescence staining and quantitative statistical analysis of GFAP (green) and LCN2 (red) expression in the substantia nigra of the three groups; n = 8 mice per group. The data are presented as the means ± SEMs. ** p < 0.01 and * p < 0.05 compared with the control group. ## p < 0.01 and # p < 0.05 compared with the MPTP group. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test were used for comparisons among multiple groups

Article Snippet: RRx-001 (2-bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone) was purchased from Selleck Chemicals, USA (S8405).

Techniques: Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Control, Western Blot, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS

Article Title: RRx-001 ameliorates astrocyte pyroptosis by regulating LCN2-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in an MPTP-induced parkinson’s disease mouse model

doi: 10.1007/s00018-025-06003-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: RRx-001 alleviated astrocyte pyroptosis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. A-B Western bblot analysis and quantitative statistical analysis of NLRP3, ASC, pro-caspase-1, cleaved caspase-1, GSDMD, GSDMD-FL, GSDMD N-term, pro-IL-1β, and mature IL-1β protein levels in the substantia nigra; n = 3 mice per group. C-E Immunofluorescence staining for GSDMD (red; C), NLRP3 (red; D), and Caspase-1 (red; E) colocalized with GFAP-labelled astrocytes (green) in the substantia nigra of the different groups; n = 8 mice per group. F Quantitative analysis of GSDMD, NLRP3 and Caspase-1 fluorescence intensities in the three groups. n = 8 mice per group. The data are presented as the means ± SEMs. ** p < 0.01 and * p < 0.05 compared with the control group. ## p < 0.01 and # p < 0.05 compared with the MPTP group. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test were used for comparisons among multiple groups

Article Snippet: RRx-001 (2-bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone) was purchased from Selleck Chemicals, USA (S8405).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Western Blot, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Fluorescence, Control

Journal: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS

Article Title: RRx-001 ameliorates astrocyte pyroptosis by regulating LCN2-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in an MPTP-induced parkinson’s disease mouse model

doi: 10.1007/s00018-025-06003-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Metabolomic analysis of the substantia nigra of MPTP-treated mice treated with RRx-001. A Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed differences between individuals or groups. B-C Orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) illustrated the validity of the model. D Venn diagram displaying the number of coexisting metabolites between the metabolomes of two groups (control group vs. MPTP group and MPTP group vs. MPTP + RRx group). E Heatmap of the coexisting metabolites with different trends in the metabolomes of two groups, highlighting the variation in L-cysteine levels. F-G Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis based on significantly differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) with the significant pathway (Parkinson’s disease) marked in red. A Sankey diagram was constructed to visualize the associations between the KEGG pathways and DEMs. H The histogram shows the expression of two significantly altered metabolites (pyrophosphate and orthophosphate) enriched in KEGG pathways. I Venn diagram showing the coenriched KEGG pathways identified by both RNA sequencing and metabolomic analyses of the substantia nigra. J KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the DEGs and DEMs, identifying key pathways involved in PD pathogenesis

Article Snippet: RRx-001 (2-bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone) was purchased from Selleck Chemicals, USA (S8405).

Techniques: Metabolomic, Control, Construct, Expressing, RNA Sequencing

Journal: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS

Article Title: RRx-001 ameliorates astrocyte pyroptosis by regulating LCN2-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in an MPTP-induced parkinson’s disease mouse model

doi: 10.1007/s00018-025-06003-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: RRx-001 ameliorated fecal dysbiosis in the MPTP-induced PD mouse model. A-B Projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) demonstrated the differences among the three groups. C‒D Boxplots and line charts showing the differences in alpha diversity among the three groups according to Student’s t test. E The intersection of three circles represents the number of features shared by three groups. F Abundance histogram showing species diversity, similarity in abundance, and dominant species based on the proportion of each colour block. G Relative abundances of Deferribacterota in the three groups were visualized in a histogram. H Phylogenetic tree and distribution of sample communities, with the Deferribacterota phylum marked in red. I Ternary phase diagram showing the relationships of the ratios of the different components of the fecal microbiota in the three groups. The circle sizes represent the average relative abundance of species, highlighting the change in the abundance of the Deferribacterota phylum

Article Snippet: RRx-001 (2-bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone) was purchased from Selleck Chemicals, USA (S8405).

Techniques: Blocking Assay

Journal: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS

Article Title: RRx-001 ameliorates astrocyte pyroptosis by regulating LCN2-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in an MPTP-induced parkinson’s disease mouse model

doi: 10.1007/s00018-025-06003-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fecal metabolomics indicated that RRx-001 altered the fecal metabolism of MPTP-treated mice. A Three-dimensional principal component analysis (PCA) of the metabolite matrix of mice in the three groups. B Two-dimensional PCA diagram showing small differences among samples in the same group and obvious differences in the gut microbiota between the MPTP group and the MPTP + RRx group. C–D Orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) illustrating the validity of the model, accounting for the reliability of the screening method. E Volcano plot showing the differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) between the MPTP group and the MPTP + RRx group. F The bar graph displays the top 20 DEMs in terms of the fold changes. G Bubble plot of the results of the KEGG analysis revealing enriched pathways. H Hierarchical clustering analysis of DEMs in representative pathways. I Chord plot showing the enrichment of the DEMs and representative pathways obtained from the enrichment analysis

Article Snippet: RRx-001 (2-bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone) was purchased from Selleck Chemicals, USA (S8405).

Techniques:

Journal: Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences: CMLS

Article Title: RRx-001 ameliorates astrocyte pyroptosis by regulating LCN2-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in an MPTP-induced parkinson’s disease mouse model

doi: 10.1007/s00018-025-06003-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic model of this study. RRx-001 ameliorates astrocyte pyroptosis by regulating LCN2–NLRP3 inflammasome activation and altering the gut microbiota and metabolism in an MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease mouse model

Article Snippet: RRx-001 (2-bromo-1-(3,3-dinitroazetidin-1-yl)ethanone) was purchased from Selleck Chemicals, USA (S8405).

Techniques: Activation Assay